Wednesday, October 16, 2024
EV inflection point
One thing I learned as a scientist is that you can almost never extrapolate a curve beyond the existing data points. Since electric vehicles came onto the mass market for cars, analysts have frequently predicted future numbers based on the idea that you can extrapolate current growth rates. Those predictions have now turned out to be completely wrong. The curve of EV market penetration has reached an inflection point, and has significantly slowed down. And as our household owns a fully electric vehicle, I understand why.
My wife and me disagree about the usefulness of our electric car. She hates the limited range, and our experience with public charging infrastructure really left her disgusted. We simply don't dare to drive beyond half the actual range of the car, so that we are sure we can always get back, and that actual range is only half of the range that if officially quoted for that car. We did trips where we pretended to need to recharge in order to try public charging out, but more often than not that either totally failed, or was excessively expensive. In the end, we just gave up on charging stations.
The reason I am more positive on the electric car is that I live in a privileged situation: I live in a single-family home with a garage, I have a private charging station in that garage, and I have solar panels on the roof which produce more electricity than our household needs. If feels a bit like free electricity, although technically you'd need to take the total cost of installation (for which we paid a rather reasonable €1.40/Wc), and divide if by the lifetime electricity production. Which is difficult, as you don't know the lifetime, nor the exact annual degradation of performance. If I consider only 10 years lifetime, I end up with an electricity price that isn't very different from the current network price; but if I consider 25 years and still 80% performance at that point (which is likely, but not guaranteed), I get the electricity at half the price than from the energy supplying company. I also have the advantage that I don't work anymore, so the car is charging at noon, when the solar panels are producing electricity. And while the limited range is annoying, over 90% of our car use is for short trips like shopping, and the range is totally sufficient for that.
The reason I understand why EV sales are falling is that I understand that few people are in my specific privileged situation. When I still worked in an office every day, I drove far more kilometers per year, and in the middle of the day, when solar panels produce electricity, the car was at the office, not at home. At that time I also still lived in an urban apartment building, and we were told that we couldn't get a private charging station, as the regular electricity lines installed on the road didn't have the capacity to provide everybody in the building charging his car at once. There is currently not a single high-rise building in the world that has EV charging stations for more than 10% of the people living in it, because that would require to completely rebuild the whole urban electricity network. And even at a national level, the electric grid in no country today could support 100% electric vehicles on the road. There are some serious practical limits to EV market penetration, which made it obvious from the start that the growth curve would have some inflection points slowing it down.
The biggest problem however is probably the disparity between the daily mileage that it is practical to drive an electric vehicle, and the daily mileage you'd need to drive to make it economical. As I calculated in a previous post, even considering "free" electricity, I save only €1,000 per year compared to a petrol car if I drive 10,000 km per year. And that is at my current local price of €1.50 per liter, or $6.20 per gallon, a price that would make most Americans choke. As our electric car did cost €10,000 more than a petrol car, it would take 10 years for the savings in energy to pay for the extra cost. And that calculation doesn't work, because after about 5 years you need to buy a new battery if you drive an EV. To make an electric car be economically viable, I would need to drive a lot. But if I drive a lot, then the range limitation and the time it takes to charge the car become really limiting. If you drive 100,000 km per year, you wouldn't want to do that in an electric car.
Electric vehicles are nice for people in an economically privileged position, as long as they care more about their ecological impact than about their finances. But that is a small market, which is now saturated. For the much bigger general car market, electric vehicles today aren't suitable.
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I don't know much about EVs but it seems like the solution to a lot of these problems would be to separate the battery from the car. Just like with petrol-fueled vehicles, you would drive to your local service station when your charge is getting low. They would swap out the battery for a fully charged one. They would keep and charge the old battery (either on site or remotely) and it would then be put into someone else's car, etc.
This would remove the problem of existing infrastructure being unable to cope with everyone charging their vehicle at home. people not having access to parking bays with charging facilities, etc.
It would also solve the problem of needing to buy a new EV every few years just because the battery is failing.
There is just one problem with all this: currently (as far as I can tell by googling), the batteries in EVs are huge - the Tesla ones basically seem to take up the entire floor of the car.
So for the technology to get past this "inflection point", EV batteries need to be removable, and need to be small enough that doing so is practical.
This would remove the problem of existing infrastructure being unable to cope with everyone charging their vehicle at home. people not having access to parking bays with charging facilities, etc.
It would also solve the problem of needing to buy a new EV every few years just because the battery is failing.
There is just one problem with all this: currently (as far as I can tell by googling), the batteries in EVs are huge - the Tesla ones basically seem to take up the entire floor of the car.
So for the technology to get past this "inflection point", EV batteries need to be removable, and need to be small enough that doing so is practical.
They are never going to be small. Gasoline is not just itself pure energy (CnHn+4) but it sucks up O2 from the air to release it. And it requires only a simple engine to bring them together. No battery will ever be close to a tenth of it.
I'm not sure about regulations in Europe, but in Canada we have a minimum 8 year (or 160,000km) warranty on EV batteries, which addresses this somewhat. This is also anecdotal but my EV battery is 4.8 years and has over 98.7% of its original capacity left.
I think public charging infrastructure is definitely a major challenge if you're doing long distance driving. One of the major factors in our decision to get a Tesla was the supercharger network, and that has proven to be even more impactful than I expected. In almost 5 years we've only had one instance where we had difficulty because 4/8 of the charging stations were down. I would say that for non-Tesla charging sites I have tried, maybe 60% were functional (admittedly, low sample size here)
That said, I have the long-range version, which cost something like the equivalent of 45k euros when I bought it. There is no amount of driving that I will do in my lifestyle that will turn that into an economic purchase. I also cannot imagine owning an EV without at-home charging.
I think EVs are the future, but completely agree that we will need significant infrastructure change (both charging and grid capacity) before wholesale adoption is practical. I think the purchase price problem will be the easiest to solve, as we see more economies of scale and competition. Solutions for those without at-home charging will be a tough problem to solve however.
I think public charging infrastructure is definitely a major challenge if you're doing long distance driving. One of the major factors in our decision to get a Tesla was the supercharger network, and that has proven to be even more impactful than I expected. In almost 5 years we've only had one instance where we had difficulty because 4/8 of the charging stations were down. I would say that for non-Tesla charging sites I have tried, maybe 60% were functional (admittedly, low sample size here)
That said, I have the long-range version, which cost something like the equivalent of 45k euros when I bought it. There is no amount of driving that I will do in my lifestyle that will turn that into an economic purchase. I also cannot imagine owning an EV without at-home charging.
I think EVs are the future, but completely agree that we will need significant infrastructure change (both charging and grid capacity) before wholesale adoption is practical. I think the purchase price problem will be the easiest to solve, as we see more economies of scale and competition. Solutions for those without at-home charging will be a tough problem to solve however.
One year owner of an EV, and also primarily relying on home charging. The non-Tesla charging infrastructure is definitely hit and miss in my neck of the woods. I'm also not convinced that the technology and infrastructure is sufficient for mass adoption. However, I do think it is a better technology and we will eventually get there. I love driving it and absolutely don't miss fuel or maintenance time/costs.
I had a long chat with a true believer today who is also a Tesla owner, amd my impression is that access to the Tesla infrastructure will solve many of the concerns I have with charger/range anxiety.
But I also think about the absolute number of daily fuel fillups currently done for cars and I'm not sure we can reasonably expect full EV adoption within the next decade. 2050 seems much more doable.
I had a long chat with a true believer today who is also a Tesla owner, amd my impression is that access to the Tesla infrastructure will solve many of the concerns I have with charger/range anxiety.
But I also think about the absolute number of daily fuel fillups currently done for cars and I'm not sure we can reasonably expect full EV adoption within the next decade. 2050 seems much more doable.
I just bought a Toyota Prius Prime, it's a plug in hybrid with limited range of 60km on a full charge. The 60km is plenty for my day to day use and the gas engine is great for road trips. The only drawback is that I have all the maintenance of a gas engine, along with batteries. I will also get to see how the range works in the cold Canadian winters. Even now my range is getting lower.
I thought about getting a full EV and then just renting a gas car for road trips but EVs were out of my price range. I think the least expensive ones were around 70k CAD. That is almost triple the last car I bought and 20k higher than my current car.
to eeeickyThump, the reason you can't swap batteries is that they are heavy and need to be distributed at the bottom of the car to balance the load. They are basically pinned between the frame and the interior cabin.
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I thought about getting a full EV and then just renting a gas car for road trips but EVs were out of my price range. I think the least expensive ones were around 70k CAD. That is almost triple the last car I bought and 20k higher than my current car.
to eeeickyThump, the reason you can't swap batteries is that they are heavy and need to be distributed at the bottom of the car to balance the load. They are basically pinned between the frame and the interior cabin.
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